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[Music]

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one realizes very quickly we've been

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I had access to to all those programs

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[Music]

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foreign

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[Music]

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surfaces no obvious signs of propulsion

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and yet this object is witnessed Now by

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four separate individuals in two

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separate aircraft

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[Music]

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hey guys welcome back to the first of

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two live interviews on this channel

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today uh let's not waste any more time

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oh I will just say sorry if you do have

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any questions pop them in capital

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letters in the live chat um it gives me

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a better chance of seeing them although

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I do have an awful lot of questions that

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have been sent over the last few weeks

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since I announced that Avi would be back

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on the show so I will try my best to get

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to them but if not then I apologize

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please keep the chat the live chat nice

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and uh

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friendly let's say but let's jump

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straight into it guys so Avi lobe is the

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head of the Galileo project founding

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director of Harvard University's black

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hole initiative director of The

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Institute for Theory and computation at

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the Harvard Smithsonian Center for

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astrophysics and the former chair of the

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astronomy department at Harvard

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University he chairs The Advisory board

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for the Breakthrough star shop project

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and is a former member of the

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president's Council of advisors on

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science and technology and a former

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chair of the board on physics and

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astronomy of the national academies he

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is the best-selling author of

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extraterrestrial the first sign of

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intelligent life beyond Earth and the

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co-author of the textbook life in the

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cosmos both published in 2021 please

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welcome back Avila Avi good to see you

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my friend great to be with you

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thank you so much let's jump straight

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into it Avi um I know we've only got an

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hour so I guess the first thing is um

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congratulations we're into year two of

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the Galileo project uh that must be

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quite exciting well actually I should

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emphasize that as of this week we have

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entered a new phase in the project where

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we are getting data

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wow and we're starting to analyze it

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it's basically a test of the system and

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also the software so it's really

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exciting

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um because until now we just first of

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all purchased the suite of instruments

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that we might want to use and it took

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some time because of supply chain delays

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and so forth and then we had to put them

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together those instruments make sure

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that they work that took a while and

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eventually we now have them uh working

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in in concert and we will start getting

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data in the coming week and uh analyzing

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it so it's really a new phase and we're

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getting to business so to speak whereas

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before you know we were

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uh preparing for business uh so that's a

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very different phase uh because as I

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said all of you know throughout the

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process we are all about getting new

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data we want to look at the sky figure

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out what's out there rather than rely on

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uh past reports that most of which are

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either classified or based on eyewitness

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testimonies that we cannot validate

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because we don't have access to those

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experiences directly so the scientific

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method is about getting high quality

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data with instruments that you fully

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understand under control and that's what

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we are now starting to do and that's

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very exciting uh it's sort of like a kid

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you know starting to learn about the

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environment by touching it so for me

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that's the only way to make progress

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because if we wait for the government to

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declassify data we can wait forever

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yeah absolutely now you had some

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equipment located on the roof of the

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Harvard Observatory but

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let me correct you so that was the

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initial place where we put it but by now

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it's moved out and the roof had to be uh

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resurfaced and also it was not an ideal

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location and so we now placed it in a

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different location

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are you able to let us know where that

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loo location is no because I don't want

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hackers to sabotage the data collection

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you know that's understandable

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absolutely

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um so you know you're talking about

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Gathering the new data once you let's

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say you do get something interesting and

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you analyze it and you know you get

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confirmation of something genuinely

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anomalous how would you release that

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information and the results you know if

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it were to be something like that that

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unique right so we have a suite of

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instruments at different wavelengths we

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have infrared we have Optical radio

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audio and then you know obviously we'll

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first verify that we see the same object

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in all of them and that that and then of

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course the question is is it human made

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um like a drone uh weather balloon or an

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airplane or a satellite or is it um

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natural some you know either an insect a

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bug or

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um some bird or or something like a you

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know a lightning or whatever and if the

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answer is no then of course it starts

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being intriguing and what we plan to do

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is uh once we have good enough data

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um basically write the scientific paper

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and share the data with the entire

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community so anyone can look through it

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it will because the sky is not

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classified and we don't plan to hide

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anything and our analysis will be

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transparent other people can analyze the

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same data because we will make it

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available the only step intermediate

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step that we will go through is to

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verify you know that we are not

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misleading we don't want to cry wolf

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and so we want to make sure that the

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data is reliable that we understand what

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we're seeing and then let anyone that

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wants to look at it look at it so in

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that sense it's I would say a breath of

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fresh air into this uh subject that had

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a lot of secrecy a lot of Suspicion and

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a lot of people talking about their

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personal experiences but that's not the

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way science is done maybe you know in

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religion you can have a revelation and

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many people reported about Revelations

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they had the with the religious

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experience it's also true when people

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take some substances you know they have

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their own personal experience

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and the point is science is not done

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this way science is not done based on a

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personal experience science is done

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based on uh collecting data that can be

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reproduced that it can be analyzed by

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everyone everyone can share just like

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the reality we all share you know when

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you drive a car on the street that's a

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reality that all the other drivers share

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with you and so if you do something

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foolish you can bump into another car

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and you know so the point is there is a

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reality that we all share and that's the

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reality that science is dealing with you

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can go to the metaverse and be in a

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reality that not everyone shares that

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you share and you look good there and

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you believe that that's fun and also you

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can take some substances and live in a

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space that nobody else shares with you

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but you feel good about it but that's

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not science science is about the reality

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that we all share meaning that that if

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something happens in that reality

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everyone can experience it and the only

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reason that this subject did not get

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sort of the in you know Universal

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experience is because the government

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collected some data that is classified

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and the data is classified because it

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was collected by classified sensors the

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government doesn't want adversaries to

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be aware of the sensors that the US is

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using and therefore the data was not

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released so we are breaking that mold by

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collecting data with instruments that

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are not classified that we fully

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understand and we will make the data

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open and that's all about the reality

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that we all share so it's not a matter

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of one person saying I witnessed that

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like a religious experience it's not a

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religious it's about the sky okay if

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something is flying in the sky everyone

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can see it yeah and this data will

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initially be analyzed by Ai and then

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possibly if it then needs further

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analysis move to kind of humanize is

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that how it'll work yeah so first of all

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I should say humans are not scientific

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detectors and a lot of people have an

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issue with that and they say well in the

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court of law sometimes eyewitness

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testimonies you know are counted and but

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that's because you know we don't have

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anything else and unfortunately a lot of

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people are put in jail for the wrong

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reason we know that when DNA testing

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comes along they are found innocent in

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some cases so science cannot rely on

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what people say that is not the way by

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which science operates it's based on

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quantitative measurements by instruments

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and so that's the fundamental change

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here that we are not relying on someone

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saying hey look at that I saw something

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no we have instruments that are

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recording the sky and we understand how

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the instruments operate and they don't

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have a personality they don't have

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hallucinations they don't have ulterior

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motives they don't have beliefs or some

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Prejudice about what they might see the

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instruments are just recording things

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and we will use just that data and

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anyone in the world can look at that

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data and interpret it the same way there

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is no way you can you know if a clock

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gives you a time you can't just say well

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what does this time really mean no you

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understand how the Clock Works and then

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you know what the time is that's it and

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the same about measure taking an image

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of the sky and it's not about a person's

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impression it's it's an instrument so

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that's the first facet of the project

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that it's based on instruments not on

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people and that's the way science

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operates and the second is what do you

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do with the data and once again you know

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we're trying to be as subjective as

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possible so people can apply the same

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method and nowadays we have artificial

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intelligence algorithms that can be

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trained so in other words if you have

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software that you can train on things

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that you know like for example you tell

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it this is an airplane from different

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angles these are a variety of airplanes

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that are in the sky basically educated

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like a kid you you give it lessons about

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what might be in the sky so you train it

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to identify an airplane and maybe you go

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through a lot of iterations where it

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looks at airplanes in the sky and you

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say that is an airplane and so it

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understands it so then that's one thing

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then you train it on on drones you train

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it on birds you train it on so in that

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sense the the artificial intelligence

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system is again something that is not

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human but at least you know how you

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trained it and you you can apply it to

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any data set and that will identify

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things of interest for us that are

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00:11:16,130 --> 00:11:14,640
unusual because then it will at some

278
00:11:18,190 --> 00:11:16,140
point it would say look at that it's

279
00:11:20,990 --> 00:11:18,200
behaving in ways that do not resemble

280
00:11:23,449 --> 00:11:21,000
airplanes drones or Birds it's something

281
00:11:25,430 --> 00:11:23,459
unusual so it will basically alert us

282
00:11:27,710 --> 00:11:25,440
and then of course humans can look at

283
00:11:29,750 --> 00:11:27,720
this but at least we identify the

284
00:11:32,509 --> 00:11:29,760
anomalies the the things that are

285
00:11:35,269 --> 00:11:32,519
outliers based on an objective measure

286
00:11:38,090 --> 00:11:35,279
which is A system that was trained and

287
00:11:39,710 --> 00:11:38,100
of course it might make mistakes but we

288
00:11:41,870 --> 00:11:39,720
could understand those mistakes because

289
00:11:43,970 --> 00:11:41,880
you know it's a computer

290
00:11:45,410 --> 00:11:43,980
yeah no absolutely and it's the thing

291
00:11:46,970 --> 00:11:45,420
you know we've been crying out for

292
00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:46,980
science to take this subject seriously

293
00:11:51,410 --> 00:11:49,440
so to hear all that is for me personally

294
00:11:53,509 --> 00:11:51,420
is really exciting so that yeah that's

295
00:11:55,550 --> 00:11:53,519
really good so I I will tell you what I

296
00:11:58,069 --> 00:11:55,560
noticed over the past year because for

297
00:12:00,230 --> 00:11:58,079
me it was also a learning experience so

298
00:12:03,230 --> 00:12:00,240
I noticed this just like in politics

299
00:12:07,490 --> 00:12:03,240
okay what happens in politics right now

300
00:12:09,290 --> 00:12:07,500
is a very big rift between half one half

301
00:12:10,670 --> 00:12:09,300
of the of society and the other half and

302
00:12:13,790 --> 00:12:10,680
it happens in many countries I'm talking

303
00:12:16,069 --> 00:12:13,800
about the us and this is being driven by

304
00:12:18,110 --> 00:12:16,079
the extreme so you find people on One

305
00:12:21,410 --> 00:12:18,120
extreme of the political Spectrum making

306
00:12:23,569 --> 00:12:21,420
you know unsubstantiated claims and that

307
00:12:25,250 --> 00:12:23,579
triggers people on The Other Extreme to

308
00:12:26,810 --> 00:12:25,260
make us substantiated claims because

309
00:12:28,190 --> 00:12:26,820
they say look at the other side you know

310
00:12:30,110 --> 00:12:28,200
we have to pull in the opposite

311
00:12:32,630 --> 00:12:30,120
direction and then what ends up

312
00:12:34,670 --> 00:12:32,640
dominating the discussion are people on

313
00:12:38,030 --> 00:12:34,680
the extremes making statements that make

314
00:12:40,509 --> 00:12:38,040
no sense okay and that's unfortunate and

315
00:12:43,730 --> 00:12:40,519
they basically fuel each other because

316
00:12:45,590 --> 00:12:43,740
by making unsubstantiated claims on one

317
00:12:48,410 --> 00:12:45,600
side you basically allow the other side

318
00:12:50,930 --> 00:12:48,420
to make no sense as well because they

319
00:12:53,389 --> 00:12:50,940
say look at that side you know and so

320
00:12:55,310 --> 00:12:53,399
each side is pulling to the extreme now

321
00:12:57,470 --> 00:12:55,320
in the subject of unidentified aerial

322
00:12:59,329 --> 00:12:57,480
phenomena I noticed the same thing

323
00:13:00,430 --> 00:12:59,339
on the one hand you have the scientific

324
00:13:03,050 --> 00:13:00,440
community

325
00:13:05,150 --> 00:13:03,060
that says Ah there is nothing forget

326
00:13:07,250 --> 00:13:05,160
about it let's move on let's focus on

327
00:13:09,829 --> 00:13:07,260
things that are mainstream

328
00:13:11,329 --> 00:13:09,839
okay but when you have some evidence of

329
00:13:12,410 --> 00:13:11,339
things that are intriguing that doesn't

330
00:13:14,870 --> 00:13:12,420
make sense

331
00:13:17,449 --> 00:13:14,880
on the other hand you have people who

332
00:13:20,150 --> 00:13:17,459
have sort of like religious beliefs they

333
00:13:22,670 --> 00:13:20,160
think oh I had some experience when I

334
00:13:26,569 --> 00:13:22,680
was seven years old of seeing something

335
00:13:29,329 --> 00:13:26,579
bright in my uh you know near my bed

336
00:13:32,150 --> 00:13:29,339
when I went to sleep and as a result I'm

337
00:13:33,350 --> 00:13:32,160
a believer I'm an experiencer and you

338
00:13:37,670 --> 00:13:33,360
know it's sort of like a religious

339
00:13:40,730 --> 00:13:37,680
belief now these people that believe

340
00:13:42,949 --> 00:13:40,740
you know behave as if they regard this

341
00:13:44,210 --> 00:13:42,959
matter as a religious matter in the

342
00:13:47,930 --> 00:13:44,220
sense that they would believe anything

343
00:13:50,389 --> 00:13:47,940
so if someone in Ukraine will claim

344
00:13:52,850 --> 00:13:50,399
something that looks similar to what you

345
00:13:54,710 --> 00:13:52,860
know Pilots Navy Pilots claimed 20 years

346
00:13:56,990 --> 00:13:54,720
ago they would say it must be true why

347
00:13:58,430 --> 00:13:57,000
it must be true because it resembles

348
00:14:00,710 --> 00:13:58,440
what the other people say

349
00:14:03,829 --> 00:14:00,720
to me it looks like anyone can say

350
00:14:05,329 --> 00:14:03,839
anything like I can say look now in the

351
00:14:07,670 --> 00:14:05,339
sky there is something really unusual

352
00:14:09,949 --> 00:14:07,680
there that looks like the Nimitz

353
00:14:12,410 --> 00:14:09,959
and so why would you believe me if I

354
00:14:14,509 --> 00:14:12,420
just said that I have to substantiate

355
00:14:16,490 --> 00:14:14,519
this claim I have to provide evidence

356
00:14:18,590 --> 00:14:16,500
for that that's the way science is done

357
00:14:20,030 --> 00:14:18,600
that's the middle ground that's the

358
00:14:23,389 --> 00:14:20,040
common sense

359
00:14:26,030 --> 00:14:23,399
so what I see on this subject are people

360
00:14:28,550 --> 00:14:26,040
on the one hand making unsubstantiated

361
00:14:31,430 --> 00:14:28,560
claim that completely discredit the

362
00:14:33,350 --> 00:14:31,440
study of UAP on the other hand people

363
00:14:36,530 --> 00:14:33,360
that have sort of like a religious

364
00:14:38,629 --> 00:14:36,540
conviction that any nonsense being said

365
00:14:40,730 --> 00:14:38,639
about UAP must be right because it was

366
00:14:42,470 --> 00:14:40,740
said 20 years ago without the evidence

367
00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:42,480
necessary for that

368
00:14:46,850 --> 00:14:44,880
okay and they fuel each other because

369
00:14:49,069 --> 00:14:46,860
when the scientists see those other

370
00:14:52,490 --> 00:14:49,079
people that behave like religious

371
00:14:54,829 --> 00:14:52,500
believers they say look at that makes no

372
00:14:56,509 --> 00:14:54,839
sense why should we engage in that let's

373
00:14:58,430 --> 00:14:56,519
forget about it

374
00:15:00,410 --> 00:14:58,440
and then when the other people see the

375
00:15:01,970 --> 00:15:00,420
scientists they say oh wow they're

376
00:15:03,949 --> 00:15:01,980
hiding the government is hiding

377
00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:03,959
something the scientists we must believe

378
00:15:08,750 --> 00:15:06,480
in that so both of these things make no

379
00:15:10,970 --> 00:15:08,760
sense what we need to do is collect data

380
00:15:12,829 --> 00:15:10,980
evidence that would allow us to figure

381
00:15:14,629 --> 00:15:12,839
out what it is now when the government

382
00:15:16,550 --> 00:15:14,639
comes forward and says there are things

383
00:15:19,069 --> 00:15:16,560
we don't understand you know I don't

384
00:15:21,050 --> 00:15:19,079
hold them I don't put any blame on that

385
00:15:22,970 --> 00:15:21,060
because the government is not a

386
00:15:25,250 --> 00:15:22,980
scientific organization so I believe

387
00:15:27,290 --> 00:15:25,260
them you know I think the government is

388
00:15:29,870 --> 00:15:27,300
not a scientific entity that can figure

389
00:15:32,509 --> 00:15:29,880
out things and they just see it because

390
00:15:34,370 --> 00:15:32,519
they monitor the sky and for national

391
00:15:37,310 --> 00:15:34,380
security purposes you know they have a

392
00:15:39,889 --> 00:15:37,320
very practical uh task to protect the

393
00:15:42,230 --> 00:15:39,899
nation and at the same time to protect

394
00:15:44,150 --> 00:15:42,240
military personnel okay so that's the

395
00:15:46,129 --> 00:15:44,160
goal of the government and given that

396
00:15:47,810 --> 00:15:46,139
goal they monitor the sky now they

397
00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:47,820
monitor the sky with sensors that are

398
00:15:51,650 --> 00:15:49,680
classified they will never give you that

399
00:15:53,449 --> 00:15:51,660
data and they see things they don't

400
00:15:54,650 --> 00:15:53,459
understand okay that's not their job you

401
00:15:57,530 --> 00:15:54,660
know if it's not a national security

402
00:16:00,230 --> 00:15:57,540
threat it's not really their job so here

403
00:16:02,150 --> 00:16:00,240
comes the the role of science to say

404
00:16:03,470 --> 00:16:02,160
Let's Help the government this is a

405
00:16:06,250 --> 00:16:03,480
subject of interest to the public

406
00:16:09,470 --> 00:16:06,260
subject of interest to the government

407
00:16:11,810 --> 00:16:09,480
let's not go to the extremes either

408
00:16:14,210 --> 00:16:11,820
discrediting the subject just because

409
00:16:16,370 --> 00:16:14,220
there are some Believers that say

410
00:16:18,110 --> 00:16:16,380
anything unusual like all the time there

411
00:16:21,170 --> 00:16:18,120
are UFOs in the sky all the time I see

412
00:16:22,250 --> 00:16:21,180
them in my uh bedroom uh you know all

413
00:16:24,769 --> 00:16:22,260
these things

414
00:16:26,389 --> 00:16:24,779
if there is no evidence on one side no

415
00:16:28,430 --> 00:16:26,399
evidence on the other side let's just

416
00:16:29,870 --> 00:16:28,440
figure the evidence ourselves and and

417
00:16:32,269 --> 00:16:29,880
that's the way science should be done

418
00:16:35,389 --> 00:16:32,279
and I think that's the same you know

419
00:16:38,509 --> 00:16:35,399
Common sensical way to approach it which

420
00:16:40,430 --> 00:16:38,519
unfortunately was not you know pursued

421
00:16:43,009 --> 00:16:40,440
in the past and so that's what the

422
00:16:44,930 --> 00:16:43,019
Galileo project is trying to do yeah no

423
00:16:47,569 --> 00:16:44,940
that's impressive definitely and much

424
00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:47,579
appreciated now in a recent paper and

425
00:16:51,889 --> 00:16:49,680
article that you wrote entitled down to

426
00:16:54,350 --> 00:16:51,899
earth limits on unidentified aerial

427
00:16:56,569 --> 00:16:54,360
phenomena regarding the recent report by

428
00:16:58,790 --> 00:16:56,579
astronomers in the Ukraine you concluded

429
00:17:00,290 --> 00:16:58,800
that the reported speeds and sizes of

430
00:17:02,329 --> 00:17:00,300
the Phantom objects would have generated

431
00:17:04,970 --> 00:17:02,339
Fireballs of detectable Optical

432
00:17:07,370 --> 00:17:04,980
Luminosity at their suggested distances

433
00:17:09,650 --> 00:17:07,380
so my question is and I will caveat this

434
00:17:11,329 --> 00:17:09,660
by saying it's hypothetical but if new

435
00:17:13,010 --> 00:17:11,339
physics was involved and the objects

436
00:17:15,770 --> 00:17:13,020
we're utilizing let's say a warp drive

437
00:17:17,870 --> 00:17:15,780
maybe something like the alcubi air

438
00:17:20,329 --> 00:17:17,880
drive then wouldn't that fit with what

439
00:17:22,490 --> 00:17:20,339
was written in the report hypothetically

440
00:17:25,189 --> 00:17:22,500
uh no because

441
00:17:28,130 --> 00:17:25,199
um the thing is in order to block light

442
00:17:30,830 --> 00:17:28,140
these objects were reported as dark okay

443
00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:30,840
so that means that they block light

444
00:17:37,010 --> 00:17:34,380
so if light comes from behind them they

445
00:17:39,110 --> 00:17:37,020
block it that was the quality of the

446
00:17:42,890 --> 00:17:39,120
objects that the paper from Ukraine

447
00:17:46,370 --> 00:17:42,900
claimed okay now what is light light is

448
00:17:48,529 --> 00:17:46,380
electromagnetic waves so to block light

449
00:17:50,750 --> 00:17:48,539
you really need to have electromagnetic

450
00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:50,760
interactions the object has to block

451
00:17:54,830 --> 00:17:53,160
okay so if there is electromagnetic

452
00:17:56,830 --> 00:17:54,840
interaction there is no way for the

453
00:17:58,850 --> 00:17:56,840
object to distinguish between

454
00:18:02,270 --> 00:17:58,860
electromagnetic interaction with light

455
00:18:04,669 --> 00:18:02,280
and electromagnetic interaction with the

456
00:18:07,730 --> 00:18:04,679
molecules of air or with electrons in

457
00:18:11,750 --> 00:18:07,740
the air it must respond to the electric

458
00:18:14,330 --> 00:18:11,760
and magnetic fields of electrons in the

459
00:18:16,130 --> 00:18:14,340
atmosphere of the earth okay and if it

460
00:18:17,570 --> 00:18:16,140
responds to those electric and magnetic

461
00:18:19,610 --> 00:18:17,580
fields because it responds to the

462
00:18:22,130 --> 00:18:19,620
electrical magnetic fields of light

463
00:18:24,230 --> 00:18:22,140
I don't care what physics it operates by

464
00:18:26,510 --> 00:18:24,240
it doesn't matter if it responds to one

465
00:18:28,490 --> 00:18:26,520
set of electric and magnetic fields it

466
00:18:30,890 --> 00:18:28,500
must respond to the other because in

467
00:18:32,930 --> 00:18:30,900
physics there is no distinction no

468
00:18:34,909 --> 00:18:32,940
fingerprint that says this is an

469
00:18:37,669 --> 00:18:34,919
electric and magnetic field of light and

470
00:18:39,770 --> 00:18:37,679
it'd be a new behave and a new uh

471
00:18:41,330 --> 00:18:39,780
respond to it in a different way than

472
00:18:44,090 --> 00:18:41,340
you respond to the electric and magnetic

473
00:18:46,250 --> 00:18:44,100
field of of electrons that are you know

474
00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:46,260
bouncing off the surface of the of the

475
00:18:52,010 --> 00:18:49,140
of whatever object it is so my point was

476
00:18:54,590 --> 00:18:52,020
simple that if you if you claim that the

477
00:18:57,169 --> 00:18:54,600
object is dark on the background of

478
00:18:59,630 --> 00:18:57,179
light then you can't claim that it will

479
00:19:02,270 --> 00:18:59,640
not create a Fireball by deflect you

480
00:19:04,610 --> 00:19:02,280
know bouncing off the air as it moves

481
00:19:07,310 --> 00:19:04,620
through it that was the argument and so

482
00:19:08,630 --> 00:19:07,320
then you must get a fireball uh on the

483
00:19:10,490 --> 00:19:08,640
other hand if you say the object is

484
00:19:12,590 --> 00:19:10,500
transparent and it doesn't really do

485
00:19:14,750 --> 00:19:12,600
anything to light I have no issue with

486
00:19:16,850 --> 00:19:14,760
that it will potentially also move

487
00:19:19,250 --> 00:19:16,860
through I mean for example imagine an

488
00:19:21,950 --> 00:19:19,260
object made of Dark Matter dark matter

489
00:19:23,990 --> 00:19:21,960
by Edition is not interacting with light

490
00:19:26,930 --> 00:19:24,000
we know that it exists in the universe

491
00:19:29,690 --> 00:19:26,940
in fact it not just exists it's the main

492
00:19:31,430 --> 00:19:29,700
substance that makes the mass budget of

493
00:19:33,770 --> 00:19:31,440
matter in the universe we don't know

494
00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:33,780
what it is it's dark it doesn't interact

495
00:19:40,610 --> 00:19:36,240
with light we know that galaxies are

496
00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:40,620
made mostly you know 84 of the mass in

497
00:19:46,789 --> 00:19:44,160
the universe is dark matter and and only

498
00:19:49,010 --> 00:19:46,799
uh 16 is the matter that we are made of

499
00:19:51,049 --> 00:19:49,020
okay so when you think about that matter

500
00:19:53,330 --> 00:19:51,059
you know it doesn't interact with light

501
00:19:55,130 --> 00:19:53,340
if it if it goes through the atmosphere

502
00:19:57,650 --> 00:19:55,140
of the earth it will not create a shock

503
00:19:59,570 --> 00:19:57,660
no Fireball nothing I have no issue with

504
00:20:01,370 --> 00:19:59,580
that so as long as it doesn't interact

505
00:20:03,770 --> 00:20:01,380
with light it will not interact with air

506
00:20:07,310 --> 00:20:03,780
nothing so definitely there could be

507
00:20:10,070 --> 00:20:07,320
matter that goes through air without

508
00:20:12,890 --> 00:20:10,080
producing any disturbance dark matter

509
00:20:14,570 --> 00:20:12,900
does it okay because if it didn't do

510
00:20:16,669 --> 00:20:14,580
that we would detect dark dark matter

511
00:20:18,830 --> 00:20:16,679
you know there is a stream of Dark

512
00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:18,840
Matter particles through our bodies

513
00:20:23,150 --> 00:20:21,480
right now through the air we don't have

514
00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:23,160
evidence for that you know lots of

515
00:20:26,150 --> 00:20:24,900
physicists would like to get The Nobel

516
00:20:28,549 --> 00:20:26,160
Prize for finding what the dark matter

517
00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:28,559
is but we know that it exists it

518
00:20:33,049 --> 00:20:30,720
permeates throughout everything but we

519
00:20:34,669 --> 00:20:33,059
just cannot interact with it okay I have

520
00:20:37,789 --> 00:20:34,679
no issue with that we know that such

521
00:20:40,070 --> 00:20:37,799
thing exists okay we know it from the

522
00:20:42,350 --> 00:20:40,080
gravity that it produces in galaxies in

523
00:20:44,270 --> 00:20:42,360
the universe and so forth so there is no

524
00:20:46,430 --> 00:20:44,280
problem with that you can imagine even a

525
00:20:49,130 --> 00:20:46,440
spacecraft made of Dark Matter moving

526
00:20:51,890 --> 00:20:49,140
through but the point is you would not

527
00:20:54,830 --> 00:20:51,900
see it as a dark object blocking light

528
00:20:57,470 --> 00:20:54,840
you will see it as a transparent object

529
00:20:59,570 --> 00:20:57,480
so when the ukrainians the Ukrainian

530
00:21:01,789 --> 00:20:59,580
stormers were claiming it's blocking

531
00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:01,799
light it's dark that's the issue I had

532
00:21:06,350 --> 00:21:04,440
then I said if it blocks like it also

533
00:21:08,870 --> 00:21:06,360
blocks molecules of air creates a

534
00:21:10,190 --> 00:21:08,880
fireball so that's the only issue you

535
00:21:11,930 --> 00:21:10,200
know I appreciate that thank you for

536
00:21:13,669 --> 00:21:11,940
clarifying there and you talked about

537
00:21:15,770 --> 00:21:13,679
Dark Matter there and I was listening to

538
00:21:18,289 --> 00:21:15,780
an interview you did recently on the H3

539
00:21:20,150 --> 00:21:18,299
podcast discussing dark matter and I had

540
00:21:22,789 --> 00:21:20,160
a thought that you know dark matter is

541
00:21:25,310 --> 00:21:22,799
this elusive material let's say that the

542
00:21:28,130 --> 00:21:25,320
Universe comprises of and UAP themselves

543
00:21:31,130 --> 00:21:28,140
are an elusive Enigma as well could

544
00:21:33,950 --> 00:21:31,140
potentially UAP be utilizing Dark Matter

545
00:21:36,529 --> 00:21:33,960
to Traverse the universe maybe multiple

546
00:21:39,289 --> 00:21:36,539
universes could there be yeah I should

547
00:21:41,270 --> 00:21:39,299
say there are two entities in the mass

548
00:21:43,789 --> 00:21:41,280
budget of the universe whose nature we

549
00:21:46,610 --> 00:21:43,799
don't know and both of them are you know

550
00:21:49,250 --> 00:21:46,620
the dominant uh one is dark matter but

551
00:21:52,490 --> 00:21:49,260
there is also Dark Energy you know dark

552
00:21:54,409 --> 00:21:52,500
energy is the is is is the mass density

553
00:21:57,649 --> 00:21:54,419
of the vacuum the mass prevent volume of

554
00:21:59,930 --> 00:21:57,659
the vacuum and we know that you know the

555
00:22:02,330 --> 00:21:59,940
vacuum is basically doesn't change you

556
00:22:06,289 --> 00:22:02,340
know it's fixed so as the universe is

557
00:22:09,669 --> 00:22:06,299
expanding matter gets diluted and about

558
00:22:13,070 --> 00:22:09,679
you know half at half of its present age

559
00:22:15,409 --> 00:22:13,080
Mata became more diluted than the vacuum

560
00:22:17,990 --> 00:22:15,419
so at that point the vacuum started

561
00:22:20,149 --> 00:22:18,000
dominating gravity on on the scale of

562
00:22:23,649 --> 00:22:20,159
the universe that's how we know the

563
00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:23,659
vacuum has non-zero mass per unit volume

564
00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:26,880
and the vacuum in terms of it actually

565
00:22:31,789 --> 00:22:29,100
produces anti-gravity according to

566
00:22:36,289 --> 00:22:31,799
Einstein's theory of general relativity

567
00:22:39,409 --> 00:22:36,299
it actually pushes galaxies away from

568
00:22:40,690 --> 00:22:39,419
each other at an accelerated rate so

569
00:22:43,510 --> 00:22:40,700
just think about

570
00:22:46,730 --> 00:22:43,520
Newton Isaac Newton the discovered

571
00:22:50,029 --> 00:22:46,740
gravity you know originally because the

572
00:22:53,390 --> 00:22:50,039
legend is that he set under a tree in

573
00:22:56,289 --> 00:22:53,400
the orchard that his family had in in

574
00:22:59,630 --> 00:22:56,299
England and an apple fell on his head

575
00:23:02,690 --> 00:22:59,640
now if instead of the earth dominating

576
00:23:04,970 --> 00:23:02,700
gravity near Newton the vacuum was

577
00:23:06,830 --> 00:23:04,980
dominating Gravity the Apple would not

578
00:23:10,190 --> 00:23:06,840
fall down on his head

579
00:23:11,930 --> 00:23:10,200
it will actually fly up at a speed that

580
00:23:13,850 --> 00:23:11,940
keeps increasing as if there is an

581
00:23:15,649 --> 00:23:13,860
explosion you know that that's that's

582
00:23:18,830 --> 00:23:15,659
what the vacuum does it basically

583
00:23:20,810 --> 00:23:18,840
creates negative gravity uh and so then

584
00:23:23,270 --> 00:23:20,820
okay we don't know why we don't know

585
00:23:26,090 --> 00:23:23,280
what you know why the vacuum has

586
00:23:29,390 --> 00:23:26,100
finite mass per unit volume we don't

587
00:23:31,370 --> 00:23:29,400
know what dark matter is and you can

588
00:23:33,890 --> 00:23:31,380
imagine that once you know a

589
00:23:35,690 --> 00:23:33,900
civilization understands the substances

590
00:23:37,310 --> 00:23:35,700
that make these components of the

591
00:23:39,470 --> 00:23:37,320
universe which are the dominant ones

592
00:23:41,930 --> 00:23:39,480
ordinary method that we are made of is

593
00:23:45,049 --> 00:23:41,940
the minority it's only five percent of

594
00:23:47,870 --> 00:23:45,059
the global budget right now and the Dark

595
00:23:52,490 --> 00:23:47,880
Matter makes about 25 percent and the

596
00:23:54,770 --> 00:23:52,500
rest 70 percent is the dark energy so

597
00:23:56,210 --> 00:23:54,780
um and as the universe will expand the

598
00:23:58,070 --> 00:23:56,220
dark energy will become more and more

599
00:24:01,850 --> 00:23:58,080
dominant because matter will get diluted

600
00:24:04,310 --> 00:24:01,860
even more so the point is uh if a

601
00:24:06,590 --> 00:24:04,320
civilization understands what these

602
00:24:08,810 --> 00:24:06,600
constituents are they could engineer it

603
00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:08,820
in principle they couldn't use those

604
00:24:15,169 --> 00:24:12,600
constituents to you know build

605
00:24:17,750 --> 00:24:15,179
spacecraft that take advantage of of

606
00:24:21,710 --> 00:24:17,760
them and potentially Propel themselves

607
00:24:23,690 --> 00:24:21,720
uh you know more efficiently than using

608
00:24:26,750 --> 00:24:23,700
ordinary matter you know all the rockets

609
00:24:29,870 --> 00:24:26,760
that we used so far use ordinary matter

610
00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:29,880
for propulsion chemical propulsion you

611
00:24:34,850 --> 00:24:32,220
know and and and all the rockets that we

612
00:24:37,430 --> 00:24:34,860
launched all the spacecrafts they

613
00:24:39,169 --> 00:24:37,440
reached a speed of about a percent of a

614
00:24:43,430 --> 00:24:39,179
percent of the speed of light 10 to the

615
00:24:46,010 --> 00:24:43,440
minus four so it takes us uh about 50

616
00:24:47,570 --> 00:24:46,020
000 years to reach the nearest star and

617
00:24:49,669 --> 00:24:47,580
it will take us about hundreds of

618
00:24:51,350 --> 00:24:49,679
millions of years to Traverse the Milky

619
00:24:53,570 --> 00:24:51,360
Way galaxy about half a billion years

620
00:24:55,909 --> 00:24:53,580
with chemical Rockets so that's a very

621
00:24:59,390 --> 00:24:55,919
long time if you want to shorten the

622
00:25:02,029 --> 00:24:59,400
time you want to move faster and you

623
00:25:04,549 --> 00:25:02,039
know perhaps using either dark matter or

624
00:25:06,770 --> 00:25:04,559
dark energy you can do that uh we don't

625
00:25:07,850 --> 00:25:06,780
obviously we cannot engineer these

626
00:25:09,409 --> 00:25:07,860
things because we don't know what

627
00:25:12,649 --> 00:25:09,419
they're made of

628
00:25:14,510 --> 00:25:12,659
yeah absolutely moving on um a few weeks

629
00:25:17,029 --> 00:25:14,520
back you flew to Washington DC to meet

630
00:25:18,169 --> 00:25:17,039
with the NASA study committee on UAP so

631
00:25:19,789 --> 00:25:18,179
I'd just like to know how the meeting

632
00:25:21,830 --> 00:25:19,799
was and if you had any major sort of

633
00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:21,840
takeaways from that meeting and then

634
00:25:25,490 --> 00:25:23,760
finally I suppose your thoughts on the

635
00:25:28,370 --> 00:25:25,500
the sort of NASA study coming up for the

636
00:25:30,230 --> 00:25:28,380
next nine months right so um I mean it

637
00:25:32,690 --> 00:25:30,240
was an interesting meeting it's a mixed

638
00:25:34,310 --> 00:25:32,700
committee uh that is made of you know

639
00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:34,320
the composition made of people from

640
00:25:39,470 --> 00:25:37,380
different Paths of life and

641
00:25:41,990 --> 00:25:39,480
um and so I described the Galileo

642
00:25:44,810 --> 00:25:42,000
project they were very uh Curious and

643
00:25:46,430 --> 00:25:44,820
they asked the excellent questions now

644
00:25:49,210 --> 00:25:46,440
with respect to the impact of the

645
00:25:52,549 --> 00:25:49,220
committee it's not at all clear because

646
00:25:55,010 --> 00:25:52,559
uh the Mandate that was given to the

647
00:25:58,669 --> 00:25:55,020
committee the charter was to recommend

648
00:26:01,130 --> 00:25:58,679
to NASA by June 2023

649
00:26:03,890 --> 00:26:01,140
um whether they should allocate funds to

650
00:26:06,470 --> 00:26:03,900
research on this subject now as we

651
00:26:09,649 --> 00:26:06,480
discussed before the Galileo project is

652
00:26:11,390 --> 00:26:09,659
already doing that okay so what's the

653
00:26:14,330 --> 00:26:11,400
best case scenario imagine this

654
00:26:16,010 --> 00:26:14,340
committing getting really excited which

655
00:26:18,409 --> 00:26:16,020
may not be the case maybe they would say

656
00:26:20,210 --> 00:26:18,419
it's not worth studying and so forth you

657
00:26:21,890 --> 00:26:20,220
know it's really a toss-up because it

658
00:26:24,529 --> 00:26:21,900
really depends on the personal views of

659
00:26:27,230 --> 00:26:24,539
we don't have the data to tell us yes

660
00:26:28,669 --> 00:26:27,240
let's do the research because we know

661
00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:28,679
for sure that these are

662
00:26:33,110 --> 00:26:30,600
extraterrestrials

663
00:26:34,750 --> 00:26:33,120
um so you know they might decide one way

664
00:26:36,890 --> 00:26:34,760
or the other depending on their personal

665
00:26:40,430 --> 00:26:36,900
preferences and some members of the

666
00:26:42,230 --> 00:26:40,440
committee Express doubts before they

667
00:26:44,390 --> 00:26:42,240
participate in the committee so who

668
00:26:48,289 --> 00:26:44,400
knows how they will go they might want

669
00:26:51,409 --> 00:26:48,299
to line up with the mainstream as of now

670
00:26:52,570 --> 00:26:51,419
and say in raised out on the study of

671
00:26:55,909 --> 00:26:52,580
this subject

672
00:26:58,370 --> 00:26:55,919
my point is that it may not matter

673
00:27:01,789 --> 00:26:58,380
because they will reach a decision

674
00:27:05,870 --> 00:27:01,799
whether to whether NASA should invest in

675
00:27:08,630 --> 00:27:05,880
that and at what level in June 2023

676
00:27:12,710 --> 00:27:08,640
but in the meantime you know and then of

677
00:27:15,169 --> 00:27:12,720
course it will take some budgeting delay

678
00:27:18,890 --> 00:27:15,179
for NASA even if they decide to to

679
00:27:20,690 --> 00:27:18,900
invest then they will probably solicit

680
00:27:22,850 --> 00:27:20,700
proposals and so it will take another

681
00:27:25,310 --> 00:27:22,860
year before France are allocated for

682
00:27:29,210 --> 00:27:25,320
research so we're talking two years from

683
00:27:31,370 --> 00:27:29,220
now where research will be funded and my

684
00:27:33,890 --> 00:27:31,380
hope is that in those two years the law

685
00:27:36,470 --> 00:27:33,900
project will already get very good clues

686
00:27:38,690 --> 00:27:36,480
about what's in the sky so you know

687
00:27:42,769 --> 00:27:38,700
gladly we were funded by the private

688
00:27:46,070 --> 00:27:42,779
sector so we don't really rely on the

689
00:27:48,769 --> 00:27:46,080
decision by this committee and we can

690
00:27:51,649 --> 00:27:48,779
just move ahead and do the research that

691
00:27:55,850 --> 00:27:51,659
is necessary so I'm saying it's great

692
00:27:57,769 --> 00:27:55,860
that NASA is doing it uh it will be even

693
00:28:01,010 --> 00:27:57,779
greater if they decide to allocate a lot

694
00:28:02,510 --> 00:28:01,020
of funding for This research but then by

695
00:28:04,250 --> 00:28:02,520
the time that they will allocate the

696
00:28:06,950 --> 00:28:04,260
funds hopefully we'll have some good

697
00:28:08,570 --> 00:28:06,960
clues about the nature of these

698
00:28:10,490 --> 00:28:08,580
unidentified objects

699
00:28:12,409 --> 00:28:10,500
I hope you're right I really really do

700
00:28:13,970 --> 00:28:12,419
but at the same time I believe you know

701
00:28:15,830 --> 00:28:13,980
the more eyes on the subject you know

702
00:28:18,710 --> 00:28:15,840
the better so yeah

703
00:28:19,970 --> 00:28:18,720
um now where's my question I've lost it

704
00:28:22,190 --> 00:28:19,980
ah here we go in another one of your

705
00:28:24,350 --> 00:28:22,200
recent articles titled Let It Be an

706
00:28:25,909 --> 00:28:24,360
intelligent signal you write about how

707
00:28:28,070 --> 00:28:25,919
it might look to an extraterrestrial

708
00:28:31,250 --> 00:28:28,080
civilization if a tactical nuclear

709
00:28:33,110 --> 00:28:31,260
weapon was utilized by Putin in this in

710
00:28:34,669 --> 00:28:33,120
this case so would you mind explaining

711
00:28:38,510 --> 00:28:34,679
some of the main points from the article

712
00:28:41,570 --> 00:28:38,520
yeah so frankly I was reminded of a

713
00:28:43,730 --> 00:28:41,580
situation where a kid sits at home and

714
00:28:46,490 --> 00:28:43,740
and the parents are fighting okay and

715
00:28:48,529 --> 00:28:46,500
the kids I mean the the shouts are very

716
00:28:50,990 --> 00:28:48,539
loud and the kid is worried that the

717
00:28:52,310 --> 00:28:51,000
neighbor may hear those shouts and get a

718
00:28:55,669 --> 00:28:52,320
bad impression

719
00:28:59,090 --> 00:28:55,679
uh of the family because

720
00:29:01,970 --> 00:28:59,100
um you know it would imply that you know

721
00:29:03,710 --> 00:29:01,980
things are not going well and and you

722
00:29:05,210 --> 00:29:03,720
know perhaps the family members are not

723
00:29:07,310 --> 00:29:05,220
the most intelligent that you can

724
00:29:09,649 --> 00:29:07,320
imagine them being if you were to just

725
00:29:12,409 --> 00:29:09,659
see them on the street dressed up and

726
00:29:14,149 --> 00:29:12,419
and very politely speaking with them

727
00:29:17,990 --> 00:29:14,159
um and so um

728
00:29:20,049 --> 00:29:18,000
so uh I felt the same thing if you know

729
00:29:23,330 --> 00:29:20,059
I mean um

730
00:29:24,769 --> 00:29:23,340
Russian President Vladimir Putin said

731
00:29:26,330 --> 00:29:24,779
that he's not bluffing over the past

732
00:29:29,930 --> 00:29:26,340
month that he's not bluffing and might

733
00:29:31,850 --> 00:29:29,940
use nuclear weapon in Ukraine and just

734
00:29:35,570 --> 00:29:31,860
imagine a situation where he will

735
00:29:36,830 --> 00:29:35,580
detonate a tactical uh bomb uh nuclear

736
00:29:39,169 --> 00:29:36,840
bomb and

737
00:29:40,789 --> 00:29:39,179
um and that would be that would create a

738
00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:40,799
flare

739
00:29:45,830 --> 00:29:42,960
um a flash of light that could be seen

740
00:29:48,289 --> 00:29:45,840
from a distance so being worried about

741
00:29:50,630 --> 00:29:48,299
what our neighbors might think I just

742
00:29:53,690 --> 00:29:50,640
try to calculate how far away from Earth

743
00:29:56,630 --> 00:29:53,700
would that be visible to a telescope

744
00:29:59,630 --> 00:29:56,640
like for example the web Space Telescope

745
00:30:01,909 --> 00:29:59,640
that we just launched which is the state

746
00:30:05,930 --> 00:30:01,919
of the art in terms of our sensitivity

747
00:30:09,409 --> 00:30:05,940
to flashes coming from elsewhere and so

748
00:30:12,529 --> 00:30:09,419
I I found that actually with the web

749
00:30:14,930 --> 00:30:12,539
telescope you can see uh Putin's um

750
00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:14,940
Act

751
00:30:21,169 --> 00:30:19,200
um only out to a distance which is about

752
00:30:22,789 --> 00:30:21,179
um five percent of the distance to the

753
00:30:24,649 --> 00:30:22,799
nearest star so it's still within the

754
00:30:28,190 --> 00:30:24,659
solar system

755
00:30:30,529 --> 00:30:28,200
um and you know 20 times closer than the

756
00:30:34,909 --> 00:30:30,539
nearest star where we have a habitable

757
00:30:38,269 --> 00:30:34,919
planet so it Proxima Centauri has a

758
00:30:40,909 --> 00:30:38,279
planet next to it which has a surface

759
00:30:43,310 --> 00:30:40,919
temperature similar to Earth and if

760
00:30:45,409 --> 00:30:43,320
there are any astronomers there they

761
00:30:47,330 --> 00:30:45,419
would need a telescope that is 20 times

762
00:30:49,250 --> 00:30:47,340
bigger than the web telescope you know

763
00:30:52,190 --> 00:30:49,260
sort of like a hundred meters in size

764
00:30:56,029 --> 00:30:52,200
the size of a football field in order to

765
00:30:58,430 --> 00:30:56,039
detect Putin's nuclear flash

766
00:31:01,490 --> 00:30:58,440
um meaning that you know even our

767
00:31:04,669 --> 00:31:01,500
biggest explosions are not so unusual

768
00:31:07,490 --> 00:31:04,679
from a distance because a meteor like

769
00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:07,500
the uh second Interstellar meteor that

770
00:31:12,769 --> 00:31:09,600
was about a meter in size when it

771
00:31:14,029 --> 00:31:12,779
exploded in the Earth's atmosphere uh it

772
00:31:15,950 --> 00:31:14,039
released roughly the same amount of

773
00:31:18,950 --> 00:31:15,960
energy so all the time every decade

774
00:31:21,950 --> 00:31:18,960
every few years there is an explosion of

775
00:31:24,409 --> 00:31:21,960
this magnitude from a rock or an object

776
00:31:26,269 --> 00:31:24,419
colliding and burning up with the

777
00:31:29,570 --> 00:31:26,279
Earth's atmosphere

778
00:31:31,610 --> 00:31:29,580
um so um so that would be one so just

779
00:31:34,010 --> 00:31:31,620
from one flash you won't be able to tell

780
00:31:36,049 --> 00:31:34,020
much but if President Biden and other

781
00:31:37,730 --> 00:31:36,059
leaders decide to respond and then there

782
00:31:39,950 --> 00:31:37,740
is another Flash and another flash over

783
00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:39,960
a period of a few days that would

784
00:31:43,549 --> 00:31:41,760
indicate that something unusual is going

785
00:31:45,889 --> 00:31:43,559
on on this planet because usually you

786
00:31:47,810 --> 00:31:45,899
expect those flashes to be separated by

787
00:31:49,909 --> 00:31:47,820
years and so

788
00:31:51,769 --> 00:31:49,919
um to me that would be a signal that

789
00:31:53,450 --> 00:31:51,779
you're looking at a civilization that is

790
00:31:56,389 --> 00:31:53,460
not particularly intelligent because

791
00:32:01,510 --> 00:31:56,399
there are at the risk of annihilating

792
00:32:04,549 --> 00:32:01,520
each other and just because one of those

793
00:32:05,889 --> 00:32:04,559
leaders got frustrated with

794
00:32:08,389 --> 00:32:05,899
um you know

795
00:32:10,669 --> 00:32:08,399
unsubstantiated expectations that leader

796
00:32:13,130 --> 00:32:10,679
expected a reality that is different

797
00:32:15,710 --> 00:32:13,140
than the actual reality and as a result

798
00:32:18,169 --> 00:32:15,720
you know that leader is willing and when

799
00:32:21,289 --> 00:32:18,179
pushed to the corner to annihilate

800
00:32:23,090 --> 00:32:21,299
everyone together with with him so so

801
00:32:25,789 --> 00:32:23,100
that is not a sign of intelligence

802
00:32:29,090 --> 00:32:25,799
because you know if you look at Natural

803
00:32:32,269 --> 00:32:29,100
Selection you know in in nature

804
00:32:34,970 --> 00:32:32,279
um uh often you know it said that the

805
00:32:37,730 --> 00:32:34,980
fittest survives and you know when you

806
00:32:40,970 --> 00:32:37,740
think about Interstellar space whoever

807
00:32:43,669 --> 00:32:40,980
survives the longest is the most

808
00:32:47,090 --> 00:32:43,679
intelligent presumably because

809
00:32:50,389 --> 00:32:47,100
um that's the measure of success in in

810
00:32:52,669 --> 00:32:50,399
terms of natural selection so so you

811
00:32:55,070 --> 00:32:52,679
know I would much rather be in the

812
00:32:57,769 --> 00:32:55,080
company of people that that enjoy nature

813
00:33:00,169 --> 00:32:57,779
have enjoy good food enjoy the company

814
00:33:02,090 --> 00:33:00,179
of friends then people who develop

815
00:33:04,909 --> 00:33:02,100
technologies that can destroy everyone

816
00:33:07,010 --> 00:33:04,919
okay perhaps that's a better part

817
00:33:09,769 --> 00:33:07,020
perhaps that's the answer to fermi's

818
00:33:12,649 --> 00:33:09,779
Paradox where is everybody okay well

819
00:33:15,169 --> 00:33:12,659
either they kill them each other over a

820
00:33:17,450 --> 00:33:15,179
short time or the ones that survived for

821
00:33:20,570 --> 00:33:17,460
a long time just enjoy the good food and

822
00:33:22,549 --> 00:33:20,580
the company of friends on their planet

823
00:33:23,930 --> 00:33:22,559
yeah that's it's interesting it was

824
00:33:25,789 --> 00:33:23,940
really interesting to read through as

825
00:33:27,110 --> 00:33:25,799
well I will just say to anybody watching

826
00:33:29,029 --> 00:33:27,120
or listening if you just head to the

827
00:33:30,590 --> 00:33:29,039
description below I've put the link

828
00:33:32,149 --> 00:33:30,600
where you can go and read all of avi's

829
00:33:34,909 --> 00:33:32,159
essays and believe me they are

830
00:33:36,409 --> 00:33:34,919
absolutely fascinating now in that last

831
00:33:38,029 --> 00:33:36,419
bit you mentioned Interstellar objects

832
00:33:40,310 --> 00:33:38,039
and you recently announced an expedition

833
00:33:42,409 --> 00:33:40,320
to retrieve fragments of an Interstellar

834
00:33:43,549 --> 00:33:42,419
meteor near Papua New Guinea so could

835
00:33:45,950 --> 00:33:43,559
you give us some background on the

836
00:33:48,110 --> 00:33:45,960
object your hopes for the Expedition and

837
00:33:51,110 --> 00:33:48,120
the best possible outcome if it all goes

838
00:33:53,210 --> 00:33:51,120
as planned right so this is the first

839
00:33:56,930 --> 00:33:53,220
object from outside the solar system

840
00:33:57,730 --> 00:33:56,940
that was spotted uh actually by U.S

841
00:34:00,350 --> 00:33:57,740
government

842
00:34:02,210 --> 00:34:00,360
sensors presumably satellites and

843
00:34:05,570 --> 00:34:02,220
ground-based sensors that are monitoring

844
00:34:11,089 --> 00:34:05,580
the sky as a missile warning system and

845
00:34:13,790 --> 00:34:11,099
back in 2014 on January 8th there was an

846
00:34:16,310 --> 00:34:13,800
explosion about 100 miles off the coast

847
00:34:19,730 --> 00:34:16,320
of Papua New Guinea that released a few

848
00:34:23,710 --> 00:34:19,740
percent of the Hiroshima bomb energy and

849
00:34:26,750 --> 00:34:23,720
it was spotted by these sensors and

850
00:34:28,369 --> 00:34:26,760
identified as a meteor as an object that

851
00:34:31,790 --> 00:34:28,379
burned up in the atmosphere that came

852
00:34:33,290 --> 00:34:31,800
from outside Earth but what was unusual

853
00:34:36,169 --> 00:34:33,300
about it is that it moved at 45

854
00:34:38,629 --> 00:34:36,179
kilometers per second when it exploded

855
00:34:41,329 --> 00:34:38,639
and then we calculated with my student

856
00:34:43,190 --> 00:34:41,339
five years later that it actually must

857
00:34:46,129 --> 00:34:43,200
have come from outside the solar system

858
00:34:48,649 --> 00:34:46,139
so we published the paper in 2019 about

859
00:34:50,510 --> 00:34:48,659
it saying this is the first Interstellar

860
00:34:52,369 --> 00:34:50,520
meteor the first Interstellar object

861
00:34:54,710 --> 00:34:52,379
four years almost four years before

862
00:34:55,369 --> 00:34:54,720
omuamua which didn't collide with the

863
00:34:58,609 --> 00:34:55,379
Earth

864
00:35:00,710 --> 00:34:58,619
this object was half a meter in size a

865
00:35:03,470 --> 00:35:00,720
hundred times smaller 200 times smaller

866
00:35:06,349 --> 00:35:03,480
than omumua so we could see just because

867
00:35:08,690 --> 00:35:06,359
because of the fireball so it you know

868
00:35:11,089 --> 00:35:08,700
the detection was not relying on it

869
00:35:14,810 --> 00:35:11,099
reflecting sunlight as in the case of a

870
00:35:17,750 --> 00:35:14,820
Momoa and so um it took three years for

871
00:35:20,210 --> 00:35:17,760
the government to officially release a

872
00:35:23,390 --> 00:35:20,220
letter from the U.S space command under

873
00:35:26,690 --> 00:35:23,400
the Department of Defense confirming our

874
00:35:28,910 --> 00:35:26,700
conclusion that indeed you know this

875
00:35:32,089 --> 00:35:28,920
object came from outside the solar

876
00:35:34,609 --> 00:35:32,099
system at the 99.99 confidence

877
00:35:37,069 --> 00:35:34,619
and at that point our paper got accepted

878
00:35:39,589 --> 00:35:37,079
for publication after the reviewers gave

879
00:35:41,150 --> 00:35:39,599
us a hard time for three years because

880
00:35:43,310 --> 00:35:41,160
they said we don't believe the US

881
00:35:46,849 --> 00:35:43,320
government so anyway our paper is

882
00:35:48,589 --> 00:35:46,859
accepted and then we announced this

883
00:35:50,450 --> 00:35:48,599
Expedition and within a couple of months

884
00:35:52,849 --> 00:35:50,460
I received full funding at one and a

885
00:35:54,770 --> 00:35:52,859
half million dollars for it

886
00:35:56,510 --> 00:35:54,780
um I must say that you know there are

887
00:35:59,450 --> 00:35:56,520
lots of people that are very excited

888
00:36:01,550 --> 00:35:59,460
about this line of research so

889
00:36:03,650 --> 00:36:01,560
you know uh

890
00:36:05,510 --> 00:36:03,660
when you work in the mainstream you have

891
00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:05,520
the company of a lot of people you feel

892
00:36:10,730 --> 00:36:08,400
a fuzzy warm feeling that you know you

893
00:36:14,210 --> 00:36:10,740
don't take any risk and everyone is but

894
00:36:16,329 --> 00:36:14,220
once you um you know start to consider

895
00:36:19,790 --> 00:36:16,339
something that could be quite exciting

896
00:36:22,190 --> 00:36:19,800
suddenly you know you find an audience

897
00:36:25,069 --> 00:36:22,200
that of wealthy individuals of people

898
00:36:27,829 --> 00:36:25,079
that are that you know that are excited

899
00:36:29,810 --> 00:36:27,839
by the vision and I I must say that the

900
00:36:32,810 --> 00:36:29,820
funding instead of relying on committees

901
00:36:36,290 --> 00:36:32,820
the funding is much easier to get

902
00:36:38,510 --> 00:36:36,300
through and so we got funded and we now

903
00:36:39,950 --> 00:36:38,520
have a team of the very best people in

904
00:36:43,250 --> 00:36:39,960
the world that have experience with

905
00:36:45,230 --> 00:36:43,260
Expeditions uh we identify the boat we

906
00:36:47,690 --> 00:36:45,240
we are developing the machinery and we

907
00:36:50,150 --> 00:36:47,700
hope to get there within six months and

908
00:36:52,310 --> 00:36:50,160
scoop the ocean floor for the fragments

909
00:36:54,829 --> 00:36:52,320
and basically examine the composition

910
00:36:56,870 --> 00:36:54,839
because from the government data that

911
00:36:59,150 --> 00:36:56,880
came out together with a letter there

912
00:37:01,430 --> 00:36:59,160
was a the fireball light curve of this

913
00:37:04,130 --> 00:37:01,440
explosion and by analyzing it we can

914
00:37:06,530 --> 00:37:04,140
included that the material strength was

915
00:37:10,609 --> 00:37:06,540
tougher than irons that this object was

916
00:37:12,890 --> 00:37:10,619
actually tougher than all 272 other

917
00:37:15,650 --> 00:37:12,900
objects in the catalog of the government

918
00:37:18,589 --> 00:37:15,660
so it's really rare and the question is

919
00:37:21,349 --> 00:37:18,599
whether it was natural or maybe made of

920
00:37:23,210 --> 00:37:21,359
an alloy like stainless steel an

921
00:37:26,990 --> 00:37:23,220
artificial alloy so we want to figure

922
00:37:31,190 --> 00:37:27,000
out whether it was a technological Relic

923
00:37:33,530 --> 00:37:31,200
like a spacecraft rather than a rock and

924
00:37:35,750 --> 00:37:33,540
if we find any gadget on the ocean floor

925
00:37:37,790 --> 00:37:35,760
I already promised the curator of the

926
00:37:40,849 --> 00:37:37,800
Museum of Modern Art in New York City

927
00:37:42,349 --> 00:37:40,859
that I'll bring it for display there

928
00:37:43,750 --> 00:37:42,359
because for us it would represent

929
00:37:46,550 --> 00:37:43,760
modernity

930
00:37:49,250 --> 00:37:46,560
even though for the senders it's ancient

931
00:37:50,810 --> 00:37:49,260
history yeah no it's exciting I'm

932
00:37:52,490 --> 00:37:50,820
looking forward to to following along

933
00:37:53,690 --> 00:37:52,500
with it as it progresses through so

934
00:37:54,890 --> 00:37:53,700
thank you

935
00:37:56,390 --> 00:37:54,900
um I'd like to move on to a few

936
00:37:58,750 --> 00:37:56,400
questions that had been sent from from

937
00:38:00,770 --> 00:37:58,760
uh listeners and um

938
00:38:02,810 --> 00:38:00,780
so Christian

939
00:38:04,790 --> 00:38:02,820
um like to ask um are you potentially

940
00:38:07,550 --> 00:38:04,800
looking at any locations for equipment

941
00:38:09,349 --> 00:38:07,560
situated in or around War zones or

942
00:38:12,470 --> 00:38:09,359
domestic locations with nuclear

943
00:38:14,810 --> 00:38:12,480
facilities yeah so the issue with both

944
00:38:18,890 --> 00:38:14,820
of these is that

945
00:38:22,250 --> 00:38:18,900
um you know that governments are using

946
00:38:24,890 --> 00:38:22,260
uh things that they regard as classified

947
00:38:28,430 --> 00:38:24,900
in those locations you know either

948
00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:28,440
nuclear facilities the the concern in

949
00:38:31,089 --> 00:38:29,880
terms of National Security is that

950
00:38:35,270 --> 00:38:31,099
someone will

951
00:38:38,810 --> 00:38:35,280
sabotage or or um you know have a some

952
00:38:42,470 --> 00:38:38,820
you use some terrorism to impact the

953
00:38:44,569 --> 00:38:42,480
national Safety of of the country and

954
00:38:47,030 --> 00:38:44,579
um so and and in war zones it's even

955
00:38:48,950 --> 00:38:47,040
worse because you know governments are

956
00:38:50,990 --> 00:38:48,960
using all kinds of equipment that they

957
00:38:53,630 --> 00:38:51,000
prefer nobody to know about

958
00:38:55,670 --> 00:38:53,640
and I'm sure that in Ukraine there is a

959
00:38:58,370 --> 00:38:55,680
lot of device there are lots of devices

960
00:39:00,950 --> 00:38:58,380
that you know people are not aware of

961
00:39:03,130 --> 00:39:00,960
that are collecting data that are

962
00:39:06,410 --> 00:39:03,140
directing um

963
00:39:08,270 --> 00:39:06,420
the troops and doing all kinds of things

964
00:39:09,950 --> 00:39:08,280
you know including Espionage and so

965
00:39:11,930 --> 00:39:09,960
forth I'm sure that there is a lot going

966
00:39:13,790 --> 00:39:11,940
on that we are not aware of that

967
00:39:15,530 --> 00:39:13,800
reporters do not really I mean things

968
00:39:16,910 --> 00:39:15,540
flying in the sky their reporters are

969
00:39:21,050 --> 00:39:16,920
not monitoring them

970
00:39:23,210 --> 00:39:21,060
uh and so once you go to these areas and

971
00:39:25,430 --> 00:39:23,220
you start monitoring the sky and

972
00:39:27,349 --> 00:39:25,440
dispersing the data you will get into

973
00:39:29,990 --> 00:39:27,359
trouble because governments will start

974
00:39:31,130 --> 00:39:30,000
haunting you and the governments do not

975
00:39:35,089 --> 00:39:31,140
want you

976
00:39:37,130 --> 00:39:35,099
to identify those things because their

977
00:39:39,710 --> 00:39:37,140
adversaries will be aware of them okay

978
00:39:42,829 --> 00:39:39,720
the governments during a war governments

979
00:39:44,690 --> 00:39:42,839
use a lot of devices that they prefer

980
00:39:46,430 --> 00:39:44,700
nobody else to know about

981
00:39:47,870 --> 00:39:46,440
so I don't want to get into trouble

982
00:39:50,690 --> 00:39:47,880
frankly

983
00:39:53,210 --> 00:39:50,700
and I think the reason that there were

984
00:39:56,569 --> 00:39:53,220
lots of reports by military personnel by

985
00:40:00,829 --> 00:39:56,579
people near you know nuclear sites is

986
00:40:02,270 --> 00:40:00,839
because these parts of of the sky were

987
00:40:04,069 --> 00:40:02,280
monitored you know the government

988
00:40:06,890 --> 00:40:04,079
monitors them for national security

989
00:40:10,790 --> 00:40:06,900
purposes so obviously when you monitor

990
00:40:12,349 --> 00:40:10,800
you see unusual things but so far when

991
00:40:15,950 --> 00:40:12,359
we looked at the statistics of

992
00:40:19,130 --> 00:40:15,960
unidentified objects it looks like it's

993
00:40:21,349 --> 00:40:19,140
a perfectly correlated with population

994
00:40:23,390 --> 00:40:21,359
density or or the frequency of

995
00:40:26,210 --> 00:40:23,400
monitoring the sky so the more people

996
00:40:28,910 --> 00:40:26,220
monitor this monitoring the sky the more

997
00:40:31,030 --> 00:40:28,920
reports you have the more cameras are

998
00:40:33,650 --> 00:40:31,040
looking around be it military or

999
00:40:36,290 --> 00:40:33,660
civilian the more reports you have so

1000
00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:36,300
it's a very simple correlation and if

1001
00:40:39,650 --> 00:40:38,160
you look at all the UAP reports

1002
00:40:42,589 --> 00:40:39,660
throughout history you will find that

1003
00:40:44,630 --> 00:40:42,599
correlation so what does it tell you it

1004
00:40:47,990 --> 00:40:44,640
tells you that maybe it's everywhere

1005
00:40:49,910 --> 00:40:48,000
okay because the regions that you

1006
00:40:52,609 --> 00:40:49,920
monitor the most have the most reports

1007
00:40:54,829 --> 00:40:52,619
and it's exactly proportional if you

1008
00:40:58,310 --> 00:40:54,839
monitor more in one region you see more

1009
00:41:01,190 --> 00:40:58,320
UAP okay so my point is

1010
00:41:02,750 --> 00:41:01,200
you know let's first start with neutral

1011
00:41:04,609 --> 00:41:02,760
regions because then we don't get into

1012
00:41:07,130 --> 00:41:04,619
trouble with governments

1013
00:41:09,290 --> 00:41:07,140
because so far the correlation between

1014
00:41:12,349 --> 00:41:09,300
number of reports and population density

1015
00:41:13,790 --> 00:41:12,359
is perfect it's a perfect correlation I

1016
00:41:15,950 --> 00:41:13,800
don't see it being non-linear in other

1017
00:41:18,530 --> 00:41:15,960
words I don't see a situation where the

1018
00:41:20,569 --> 00:41:18,540
10 times more reports if the population

1019
00:41:23,450 --> 00:41:20,579
density or or the number of people

1020
00:41:26,569 --> 00:41:23,460
monitoring the sky is just two times

1021
00:41:29,210 --> 00:41:26,579
more so it's not as if the number of

1022
00:41:33,530 --> 00:41:29,220
reports is grows much faster

1023
00:41:35,390 --> 00:41:33,540
uh in those particular areas it's it's a

1024
00:41:37,730 --> 00:41:35,400
completely linear you have 10 times more

1025
00:41:39,710 --> 00:41:37,740
people you get 10 times more reports you

1026
00:41:43,069 --> 00:41:39,720
have 10 times more military personnel in

1027
00:41:46,069 --> 00:41:43,079
those regions in in war zones or in in

1028
00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:46,079
any areas that you know Pilots Patrol

1029
00:41:50,750 --> 00:41:49,200
you have many more eyes on the sky so

1030
00:41:52,250 --> 00:41:50,760
you see that the number of reports is

1031
00:41:54,650 --> 00:41:52,260
just proportional to the number of eyes

1032
00:41:57,530 --> 00:41:54,660
looking at the sky that's it if those

1033
00:42:01,069 --> 00:41:57,540
areas were preferred you would see much

1034
00:42:04,250 --> 00:42:01,079
bigger abundance of UAP reports than the

1035
00:42:06,530 --> 00:42:04,260
number of people monitoring them and act

1036
00:42:09,109 --> 00:42:06,540
the statistics doesn't show that and

1037
00:42:11,390 --> 00:42:09,119
therefore I say let's avoid problematic

1038
00:42:13,069 --> 00:42:11,400
regions first and also the other reason

1039
00:42:15,230 --> 00:42:13,079
to do that is because there is a lot of

1040
00:42:16,790 --> 00:42:15,240
noise in this region in these regions

1041
00:42:18,770 --> 00:42:16,800
you know in war zones you have a lot of

1042
00:42:20,870 --> 00:42:18,780
things flying in the sky

1043
00:42:25,250 --> 00:42:20,880
so then we have to not only worry about

1044
00:42:27,470 --> 00:42:25,260
birds or drones or airplanes we have to

1045
00:42:29,750 --> 00:42:27,480
worry about all kinds of gadgets that

1046
00:42:32,089 --> 00:42:29,760
some governments are using for Espionage

1047
00:42:34,609 --> 00:42:32,099
we have to worry about you know uh

1048
00:42:38,030 --> 00:42:34,619
satellites that are hovering around just

1049
00:42:39,530 --> 00:42:38,040
to collect intelligence so there are

1050
00:42:41,569 --> 00:42:39,540
lots of things to worry about why should

1051
00:42:43,849 --> 00:42:41,579
I worry about more things let's first

1052
00:42:47,150 --> 00:42:43,859
start with the simple environments

1053
00:42:48,890 --> 00:42:47,160
yeah so just carrying on from that you

1054
00:42:51,230 --> 00:42:48,900
know we recently heard a lot about a

1055
00:42:53,390 --> 00:42:51,240
multitude of sightings by commercial and

1056
00:42:55,370 --> 00:42:53,400
private Pilots known as the racetrack

1057
00:42:57,710 --> 00:42:55,380
UAP kind of spanning from the American

1058
00:42:59,089 --> 00:42:57,720
Midwest across to the West Coast would

1059
00:43:01,370 --> 00:42:59,099
that be more like a neutral location

1060
00:43:04,130 --> 00:43:01,380
somewhere in there is that something

1061
00:43:05,870 --> 00:43:04,140
you've discussed at all yeah so those

1062
00:43:07,730 --> 00:43:05,880
would be neutral locations that are not

1063
00:43:10,670 --> 00:43:07,740
near any facility that the government

1064
00:43:12,950 --> 00:43:10,680
deems strategic you know

1065
00:43:14,809 --> 00:43:12,960
um and then the other place where there

1066
00:43:17,270 --> 00:43:14,819
were interesting reports are

1067
00:43:20,089 --> 00:43:17,280
um you know near the shores over the

1068
00:43:23,270 --> 00:43:20,099
ocean and so we will definitely attempt

1069
00:43:25,670 --> 00:43:23,280
to visit such locations yes that's

1070
00:43:26,450 --> 00:43:25,680
really interesting thank you

1071
00:43:29,809 --> 00:43:26,460
um

1072
00:43:32,270 --> 00:43:29,819
my next one so Echoes In Lo-Fi says in a

1073
00:43:33,290 --> 00:43:32,280
recent interview with Kurt joymungal Avi

1074
00:43:35,510 --> 00:43:33,300
said that he would investigate

1075
00:43:38,089 --> 00:43:35,520
conducting a range of experiments using

1076
00:43:40,130 --> 00:43:38,099
ce5 to potentially record the appearance

1077
00:43:41,210 --> 00:43:40,140
of UAP and to see if there is a

1078
00:43:43,250 --> 00:43:41,220
potential connection with human

1079
00:43:44,750 --> 00:43:43,260
consciousness is that something you

1080
00:43:46,849 --> 00:43:44,760
intend to look into

1081
00:43:49,609 --> 00:43:46,859
not in the first round but the

1082
00:43:52,250 --> 00:43:49,619
potentially later on so you know we have

1083
00:43:55,190 --> 00:43:52,260
to prioritize the the effort so first we

1084
00:43:57,410 --> 00:43:55,200
start with the instruments looking at

1085
00:43:59,510 --> 00:43:57,420
the sky let's see what we get and then

1086
00:44:02,750 --> 00:43:59,520
as a second phase yes that would be

1087
00:44:05,089 --> 00:44:02,760
interesting because you know the human

1088
00:44:09,349 --> 00:44:05,099
component is obviously important to many

1089
00:44:10,730 --> 00:44:09,359
people so but we want first to just

1090
00:44:13,430 --> 00:44:10,740
um look at what the instruments are

1091
00:44:15,109 --> 00:44:13,440
recording yeah absolutely I'm going to

1092
00:44:16,849 --> 00:44:15,119
move on to a few uh questions that have

1093
00:44:19,550 --> 00:44:16,859
been appearing in the live chat I tried

1094
00:44:22,250 --> 00:44:19,560
to denote them all down if I miss yours

1095
00:44:23,990 --> 00:44:22,260
I apologize so first up Ender Williams

1096
00:44:25,550 --> 00:44:24,000
says will they be releasing the specs

1097
00:44:28,670 --> 00:44:25,560
for the instruments so that it might be

1098
00:44:33,010 --> 00:44:28,680
reproduced by others yeah definitely and

1099
00:44:36,109 --> 00:44:33,020
in fact we have a set of papers that

1100
00:44:37,730 --> 00:44:36,119
will eventually be published about eight

1101
00:44:39,410 --> 00:44:37,740
of them that will be published in the

1102
00:44:41,870 --> 00:44:39,420
Journal of astronomical instrumentation

1103
00:44:43,849 --> 00:44:41,880
that are currently being reviewed and

1104
00:44:46,130 --> 00:44:43,859
they provide the details about the

1105
00:44:48,530 --> 00:44:46,140
instrument so hopefully in the coming

1106
00:44:51,530 --> 00:44:48,540
months by next summer they should be

1107
00:44:53,210 --> 00:44:51,540
published fantastic

1108
00:44:54,829 --> 00:44:53,220
um witness citizen hey Sean how's it

1109
00:44:56,210 --> 00:44:54,839
going Sean asks is there anything that

1110
00:44:58,250 --> 00:44:56,220
could maneuver too quickly or

1111
00:45:00,589 --> 00:44:58,260
erratically to be picked up by his

1112
00:45:02,990 --> 00:45:00,599
sensors or cameras yeah so there is a

1113
00:45:05,450 --> 00:45:03,000
certain frame rate by which we I mean

1114
00:45:08,170 --> 00:45:05,460
any movie any film that you see shows

1115
00:45:10,910 --> 00:45:08,180
you a set of still images

1116
00:45:13,370 --> 00:45:10,920
and the the only question is what's the

1117
00:45:14,990 --> 00:45:13,380
separation in time between those still

1118
00:45:16,490 --> 00:45:15,000
images that gives you the impression of

1119
00:45:20,270 --> 00:45:16,500
a movie and

1120
00:45:23,390 --> 00:45:20,280
um so we will have a frame rate of

1121
00:45:26,030 --> 00:45:23,400
um several tens per second now one thing

1122
00:45:29,450 --> 00:45:26,040
you know there was a report about those

1123
00:45:33,170 --> 00:45:29,460
objects by the the Navy Pilots the

1124
00:45:35,270 --> 00:45:33,180
Nimitz incident where they saw an object

1125
00:45:37,490 --> 00:45:35,280
at one point in the sky then immediately

1126
00:45:40,190 --> 00:45:37,500
after that at another point and they

1127
00:45:42,650 --> 00:45:40,200
said it must be moving very fast one

1128
00:45:44,329 --> 00:45:42,660
issue with that is

1129
00:45:46,609 --> 00:45:44,339
um it could be that it's not the same

1130
00:45:48,710 --> 00:45:46,619
object that objects come in and out of

1131
00:45:51,710 --> 00:45:48,720
view and you see one object at one point

1132
00:45:53,630 --> 00:45:51,720
and then another one uh at another point

1133
00:45:55,190 --> 00:45:53,640
a bit later and you think it's the same

1134
00:45:58,069 --> 00:45:55,200
object but it's not the same so

1135
00:46:00,230 --> 00:45:58,079
obviously having a very fast frame rate

1136
00:46:02,630 --> 00:46:00,240
will allow you to track it if it's the

1137
00:46:04,730 --> 00:46:02,640
same object and the other thing that

1138
00:46:06,829 --> 00:46:04,740
some people suggested maybe it was a

1139
00:46:08,870 --> 00:46:06,839
laser beam that was creating a spot at

1140
00:46:10,730 --> 00:46:08,880
one and then moving to another point and

1141
00:46:12,410 --> 00:46:10,740
making a spot and you know these are the

1142
00:46:14,990 --> 00:46:12,420
kinds of things that we can figure out

1143
00:46:17,750 --> 00:46:15,000
if we have a high frame rate

1144
00:46:19,490 --> 00:46:17,760
yeah great thank you the next question

1145
00:46:21,349 --> 00:46:19,500
comes from Penny does Mr Lowe think

1146
00:46:25,490 --> 00:46:21,359
plasma has an integral part to play in

1147
00:46:28,010 --> 00:46:25,500
UAP presentation a precursor yeah so a

1148
00:46:31,309 --> 00:46:28,020
plasma is a hot gas basically you take

1149
00:46:33,349 --> 00:46:31,319
for example air and you heat it up to

1150
00:46:35,150 --> 00:46:33,359
very high temperatures such that the

1151
00:46:38,270 --> 00:46:35,160
atoms collide with each other and break

1152
00:46:40,250 --> 00:46:38,280
up into free electrons and ions so

1153
00:46:42,890 --> 00:46:40,260
that's what the plasma is it's just a

1154
00:46:45,410 --> 00:46:42,900
state of gas where the atoms are broken

1155
00:46:47,870 --> 00:46:45,420
into their constituents and the charges

1156
00:46:49,790 --> 00:46:47,880
the electrons and the ions

1157
00:46:52,609 --> 00:46:49,800
um and so you get that naturally when

1158
00:46:55,609 --> 00:46:52,619
for example you have an explosion or

1159
00:46:58,190 --> 00:46:55,619
when an object is moving very fast

1160
00:47:00,530 --> 00:46:58,200
through air such that you know it heats

1161
00:47:03,230 --> 00:47:00,540
up the air to high temperatures or when

1162
00:47:04,970 --> 00:47:03,240
you shine a powerful laser on air and

1163
00:47:07,790 --> 00:47:04,980
you create a local explosion then you

1164
00:47:10,910 --> 00:47:07,800
get plasma when you explode a detonate

1165
00:47:13,130 --> 00:47:10,920
an explosive you get a plasma you also

1166
00:47:14,930 --> 00:47:13,140
get it in the sun where there is nuclear

1167
00:47:17,990 --> 00:47:14,940
burning in the center and so everything

1168
00:47:20,390 --> 00:47:18,000
actually most of the ordinary matter in

1169
00:47:23,089 --> 00:47:20,400
the universe is is broken up to three

1170
00:47:27,050 --> 00:47:23,099
electrons and ions and it's in the state

1171
00:47:29,530 --> 00:47:27,060
of a plasma but then when you know our

1172
00:47:32,150 --> 00:47:29,540
body and everything we look around us

1173
00:47:34,670 --> 00:47:32,160
the solid matter is not a plasma it's

1174
00:47:37,370 --> 00:47:34,680
made of atoms that what the charges are

1175
00:47:40,190 --> 00:47:37,380
held together so at any event

1176
00:47:41,990 --> 00:47:40,200
um the plasma is relevant in the sense

1177
00:47:42,890 --> 00:47:42,000
that if you have an object moving very

1178
00:47:45,230 --> 00:47:42,900
fast

1179
00:47:47,329 --> 00:47:45,240
and it interacts with the air it will

1180
00:47:49,370 --> 00:47:47,339
create a plasma around it because it

1181
00:47:51,290 --> 00:47:49,380
will heat up the air and you would see

1182
00:47:52,849 --> 00:47:51,300
we see that with meteors we see the

1183
00:47:55,250 --> 00:47:52,859
fireball that I mentioned before that

1184
00:47:57,650 --> 00:47:55,260
that's the energy released by The

1185
00:48:00,170 --> 00:47:57,660
friction of the object with the air and

1186
00:48:02,510 --> 00:48:00,180
we see also around airplanes that move

1187
00:48:05,930 --> 00:48:02,520
very fast we see that around rockets

1188
00:48:07,270 --> 00:48:05,940
that move around uh projectiles that

1189
00:48:09,410 --> 00:48:07,280
move through air

1190
00:48:12,589 --> 00:48:09,420
especially if they move supersonically

1191
00:48:16,250 --> 00:48:12,599
they they produce a shock a shock wave

1192
00:48:18,589 --> 00:48:16,260
that heats up the air and breaks up the

1193
00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:18,599
atoms and molecules into electrons and

1194
00:48:23,210 --> 00:48:19,440
ions

1195
00:48:26,569 --> 00:48:23,220
so definitely relevant another context

1196
00:48:29,030 --> 00:48:26,579
where it's relevant is if uh you know it

1197
00:48:31,250 --> 00:48:29,040
was not really objects that for example

1198
00:48:34,010 --> 00:48:31,260
the Navy Pilots were seeing it was a

1199
00:48:36,410 --> 00:48:34,020
laser beam focused on air just like you

1200
00:48:39,050 --> 00:48:36,420
know sometimes people try to fool cats

1201
00:48:40,910 --> 00:48:39,060
and they'll shine a laser spot and move

1202
00:48:43,010 --> 00:48:40,920
it around very fast and it's not a real

1203
00:48:46,790 --> 00:48:43,020
object the cat thinks that it's a real

1204
00:48:49,849 --> 00:48:46,800
object so you can in principle fool uh

1205
00:48:52,970 --> 00:48:49,859
you know Pilots by generating a laser

1206
00:48:55,370 --> 00:48:52,980
beam shining it you know on a spot in

1207
00:48:57,589 --> 00:48:55,380
the air creating some plasma ball there

1208
00:49:00,109 --> 00:48:57,599
and that would reflect the radio waves

1209
00:49:01,609 --> 00:49:00,119
and so the pilot would think oh wow

1210
00:49:03,470 --> 00:49:01,619
there is an object there but it's not

1211
00:49:05,750 --> 00:49:03,480
really an object it's just a ball of hot

1212
00:49:07,670 --> 00:49:05,760
air that you create by the laser focus

1213
00:49:09,589 --> 00:49:07,680
there and then you can move the laser

1214
00:49:11,510 --> 00:49:09,599
very quickly to another spot and you

1215
00:49:14,450 --> 00:49:11,520
will think wow this object really moves

1216
00:49:16,730 --> 00:49:14,460
fast so it could be that some of the

1217
00:49:19,069 --> 00:49:16,740
incidents relate to this phenomena and

1218
00:49:21,890 --> 00:49:19,079
someone was just shining laser beams and

1219
00:49:23,930 --> 00:49:21,900
fooling the part I don't know but the

1220
00:49:26,329 --> 00:49:23,940
point is we want to figure it out and

1221
00:49:27,950 --> 00:49:26,339
it's just that the data from the past is

1222
00:49:28,970 --> 00:49:27,960
not good enough for us to tell what it

1223
00:49:30,770 --> 00:49:28,980
was

1224
00:49:32,750 --> 00:49:30,780
so if for example you mentioned that

1225
00:49:35,329 --> 00:49:32,760
these lasers potentially fooling people

1226
00:49:38,089 --> 00:49:35,339
if you were to see a plasma acting in a

1227
00:49:39,290 --> 00:49:38,099
what seemed to be a controlled way how

1228
00:49:41,089 --> 00:49:39,300
would you be able to differentiate

1229
00:49:44,150 --> 00:49:41,099
between it being a laser or something

1230
00:49:47,210 --> 00:49:44,160
genuinely not of this Earth so if you

1231
00:49:50,030 --> 00:49:47,220
have a high frame rate you can tell that

1232
00:49:51,890 --> 00:49:50,040
you know there is a spot at one point

1233
00:49:53,870 --> 00:49:51,900
and then it goes away and then another

1234
00:49:55,550 --> 00:49:53,880
spot is created at another point but

1235
00:49:57,530 --> 00:49:55,560
it's not an object moving through the

1236
00:49:59,030 --> 00:49:57,540
sky from one spot to another you would

1237
00:50:01,670 --> 00:49:59,040
be able to tell that it's two different

1238
00:50:03,829 --> 00:50:01,680
occurrences two explosions that were

1239
00:50:05,390 --> 00:50:03,839
created presumably with a laser the

1240
00:50:07,550 --> 00:50:05,400
other thing is that you might be able to

1241
00:50:09,710 --> 00:50:07,560
see the laser beam as it goes as it gets

1242
00:50:11,569 --> 00:50:09,720
focused you will see it and you will not

1243
00:50:14,210 --> 00:50:11,579
just see the plasma

1244
00:50:16,730 --> 00:50:14,220
um so that's one way you want to see

1245
00:50:20,230 --> 00:50:16,740
that it's a real object okay that's the

1246
00:50:22,970 --> 00:50:20,240
important element uh and a real object

1247
00:50:25,730 --> 00:50:22,980
you know when it interacts with the air

1248
00:50:28,069 --> 00:50:25,740
it creates a sound wave you know that

1249
00:50:31,309 --> 00:50:28,079
you could listen to for example in the

1250
00:50:34,370 --> 00:50:31,319
Galileo project we have microphones that

1251
00:50:36,829 --> 00:50:34,380
go well beyond what the human ear can

1252
00:50:40,609 --> 00:50:36,839
listen to so it starts at what's called

1253
00:50:42,770 --> 00:50:40,619
infrasound and and goes to Ultrasound

1254
00:50:45,109 --> 00:50:42,780
um turns out that the human ear is tuned

1255
00:50:48,109 --> 00:50:45,119
to protect us against threats you know

1256
00:50:50,450 --> 00:50:48,119
so a very long wavelength sound waves

1257
00:50:52,609 --> 00:50:50,460
are not useful for survival because they

1258
00:50:55,309 --> 00:50:52,619
don't carry much information and very

1259
00:50:57,049 --> 00:50:55,319
short wavelength sound waves are also

1260
00:50:58,430 --> 00:50:57,059
not useful for survival because they

1261
00:51:00,890 --> 00:50:58,440
cannot propagate a large distance

1262
00:51:05,030 --> 00:51:00,900
through air but in the Galileo project

1263
00:51:07,010 --> 00:51:05,040
we are expanding the range and using

1264
00:51:09,650 --> 00:51:07,020
um special microphones to detect some

1265
00:51:11,690 --> 00:51:09,660
waves of all types and from the sound

1266
00:51:13,910 --> 00:51:11,700
that an object makes you can tell like

1267
00:51:15,589 --> 00:51:13,920
if it's an explosion by a laser beam it

1268
00:51:17,569 --> 00:51:15,599
will make a very different sound than an

1269
00:51:19,549 --> 00:51:17,579
object moving through air from one point

1270
00:51:21,770 --> 00:51:19,559
to another so we should be able to

1271
00:51:24,349 --> 00:51:21,780
figure it out I I have no doubt about it

1272
00:51:26,809 --> 00:51:24,359
and now the thing that I think people

1273
00:51:28,910 --> 00:51:26,819
jump too quickly to conclude is maybe

1274
00:51:32,390 --> 00:51:28,920
there is some new physics well the point

1275
00:51:34,670 --> 00:51:32,400
point is you know physicists work really

1276
00:51:37,970 --> 00:51:34,680
hard uh and and they have been doing it

1277
00:51:40,069 --> 00:51:37,980
for decades in laboratory experiments to

1278
00:51:41,870 --> 00:51:40,079
look for new physics and you know it's

1279
00:51:43,670 --> 00:51:41,880
very difficult to find new physics the

1280
00:51:46,849 --> 00:51:43,680
sound model of particle physics was not

1281
00:51:48,710 --> 00:51:46,859
really revised in maybe half a century I

1282
00:51:52,250 --> 00:51:48,720
mean the Higgs puzzle was discovered but

1283
00:51:54,530 --> 00:51:52,260
that's all the news from the 60s so uh

1284
00:51:56,809 --> 00:51:54,540
in a way you know it's really unclear

1285
00:51:59,089 --> 00:51:56,819
how much new physics there is and room

1286
00:52:01,250 --> 00:51:59,099
for no physics I just got an email from

1287
00:52:03,829 --> 00:52:01,260
someone an hour ago saying you know

1288
00:52:06,290 --> 00:52:03,839
maybe gravitational waves affect the way

1289
00:52:08,270 --> 00:52:06,300
that an object appears well whoever sent

1290
00:52:09,589 --> 00:52:08,280
me that email doesn't understand in

1291
00:52:12,170 --> 00:52:09,599
order to produce strong gravitational

1292
00:52:13,790 --> 00:52:12,180
waves that would affect what we see you

1293
00:52:16,549 --> 00:52:13,800
really need an object with a mass

1294
00:52:18,710 --> 00:52:16,559
similar to that of the sun okay very big

1295
00:52:20,990 --> 00:52:18,720
object such a very big object the mass

1296
00:52:23,210 --> 00:52:21,000
of the Sun that disturbs space and time

1297
00:52:25,790 --> 00:52:23,220
around it to the level that would create

1298
00:52:29,150 --> 00:52:25,800
gravitational waves that changed our

1299
00:52:32,329 --> 00:52:29,160
view of the object an object that has

1300
00:52:34,190 --> 00:52:32,339
that Mass will move the Earth shake the

1301
00:52:35,329 --> 00:52:34,200
Earth back and forth just by Newton's

1302
00:52:37,309 --> 00:52:35,339
law of gravity forget about

1303
00:52:40,849 --> 00:52:37,319
gravitational waves if you bring another

1304
00:52:43,490 --> 00:52:40,859
sun close to Earth it will just pull the

1305
00:52:46,549 --> 00:52:43,500
Earth and tear it apart break up the

1306
00:52:48,230 --> 00:52:46,559
oceans you can't say oh there is an

1307
00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:48,240
object generating gravitational waves

1308
00:52:51,109 --> 00:52:49,680
that is really anything except

1309
00:52:53,930 --> 00:52:51,119
generating gravitational like that

1310
00:52:56,210 --> 00:52:53,940
doesn't work so people throw out all

1311
00:52:58,370 --> 00:52:56,220
kinds of explanations that really make

1312
00:53:00,829 --> 00:52:58,380
no sense from a physics point of view

1313
00:53:02,569 --> 00:53:00,839
and even if you think about new physics

1314
00:53:05,030 --> 00:53:02,579
you have to make sure that what you're

1315
00:53:07,790 --> 00:53:05,040
talking about makes sense uh you know

1316
00:53:10,730 --> 00:53:07,800
some people talk about wormholes like

1317
00:53:15,349 --> 00:53:10,740
okay well we don't have

1318
00:53:18,349 --> 00:53:15,359
even a a solution that is stable to the

1319
00:53:20,930 --> 00:53:18,359
equations of physics as we know it that

1320
00:53:23,150 --> 00:53:20,940
would allow a wormhole to exist okay so

1321
00:53:25,010 --> 00:53:23,160
you are contemplating something but then

1322
00:53:27,470 --> 00:53:25,020
you have to if you are contemplating it

1323
00:53:28,910 --> 00:53:27,480
just you know try to infer what are the

1324
00:53:31,549 --> 00:53:28,920
properties of this something you can't

1325
00:53:33,170 --> 00:53:31,559
just say Wormhole and say oh I see a

1326
00:53:34,970 --> 00:53:33,180
hole in the clouds that's a wormhole

1327
00:53:36,650 --> 00:53:34,980
like that's not a wormhole a wormhole

1328
00:53:40,010 --> 00:53:36,660
has some properties of space and time

1329
00:53:41,270 --> 00:53:40,020
and you need to show that indeed the you

1330
00:53:43,790 --> 00:53:41,280
know what you're talking about makes

1331
00:53:45,890 --> 00:53:43,800
sense so that is not done by people who

1332
00:53:48,170 --> 00:53:45,900
throw out new physics as if that would

1333
00:53:51,049 --> 00:53:48,180
solve the problem if you have no physics

1334
00:53:53,690 --> 00:53:51,059
in mind it has to you know not only

1335
00:53:55,069 --> 00:53:53,700
explains one thing but also predicts

1336
00:53:56,750 --> 00:53:55,079
something else and it will apply to

1337
00:53:58,730 --> 00:53:56,760
everything in the universe like if you

1338
00:54:00,290 --> 00:53:58,740
have a wormhole here it should exist in

1339
00:54:03,109 --> 00:54:00,300
many other places in the universe we

1340
00:54:05,390 --> 00:54:03,119
haven't seen such a evidence so far so

1341
00:54:08,930 --> 00:54:05,400
you can't just say new physics you know

1342
00:54:11,270 --> 00:54:08,940
just because a Ukrainian astronomer saw

1343
00:54:12,829 --> 00:54:11,280
a gut data that doesn't have good

1344
00:54:15,170 --> 00:54:12,839
distance estimates you can't just say

1345
00:54:17,150 --> 00:54:15,180
that because to argue that there is no

1346
00:54:19,549 --> 00:54:17,160
physics you really need exceptional

1347
00:54:21,710 --> 00:54:19,559
distance estimates and the elementary

1348
00:54:24,109 --> 00:54:21,720
way of measuring distance is by

1349
00:54:25,790 --> 00:54:24,119
triangulation that's really simple you

1350
00:54:27,470 --> 00:54:25,800
just have multiple sites looking at the

1351
00:54:29,510 --> 00:54:27,480
same objective triangulate it you find

1352
00:54:32,210 --> 00:54:29,520
distance the Ukrainian astronomers did

1353
00:54:34,849 --> 00:54:32,220
not do that okay so I pointed out the

1354
00:54:37,190 --> 00:54:34,859
distance estimates are not trustworthy

1355
00:54:39,410 --> 00:54:37,200
then people jumped at me and said why do

1356
00:54:41,630 --> 00:54:39,420
you say that in the Nimitz incident we

1357
00:54:43,549 --> 00:54:41,640
saw things behaving like but that you

1358
00:54:45,470 --> 00:54:43,559
know the Nemesis has nothing to do with

1359
00:54:48,109 --> 00:54:45,480
Ukraine right now in the sense that this

1360
00:54:49,910 --> 00:54:48,119
is a completely new event okay and if

1361
00:54:51,890 --> 00:54:49,920
you don't measure distance correctly you

1362
00:54:53,630 --> 00:54:51,900
can't justify the distance measurement

1363
00:54:55,010 --> 00:54:53,640
by something that happened 20 years ago

1364
00:54:56,870 --> 00:54:55,020
there's something that happened 20 years

1365
00:55:00,470 --> 00:54:56,880
ago doesn't say anything about what the

1366
00:55:02,690 --> 00:55:00,480
Ukrainian astronomer did in 2022 that's

1367
00:55:04,370 --> 00:55:02,700
a completely different set of events you

1368
00:55:05,750 --> 00:55:04,380
can't just say there was an event 20

1369
00:55:08,030 --> 00:55:05,760
years ago therefore this event is

1370
00:55:10,130 --> 00:55:08,040
correct like you have to measure you

1371
00:55:12,170 --> 00:55:10,140
have to show by triangulation the

1372
00:55:15,770 --> 00:55:12,180
distance and they actually measure the

1373
00:55:17,569 --> 00:55:15,780
distance to one luminous object and that

1374
00:55:20,270 --> 00:55:17,579
distance was exactly the distance you

1375
00:55:21,770 --> 00:55:20,280
expect for a spy satellite I just put it

1376
00:55:24,049 --> 00:55:21,780
in Google you know I don't work in

1377
00:55:25,370 --> 00:55:24,059
anything related to spy satellites I

1378
00:55:28,309 --> 00:55:25,380
didn't know what the elevation of spice

1379
00:55:29,390 --> 00:55:28,319
analyzes I just put in Google spy

1380
00:55:31,730 --> 00:55:29,400
satellite

1381
00:55:32,930 --> 00:55:31,740
and here here it is exactly the

1382
00:55:34,970 --> 00:55:32,940
elevation that they were talking about

1383
00:55:37,609 --> 00:55:34,980
now they put it in their paper as an

1384
00:55:39,890 --> 00:55:37,619
unidentified object and I say why didn't

1385
00:55:41,210 --> 00:55:39,900
they just put it in Google and see that

1386
00:55:43,370 --> 00:55:41,220
what they are talking about has the

1387
00:55:46,190 --> 00:55:43,380
properties of a spy satellite like why

1388
00:55:48,770 --> 00:55:46,200
would that look strange in a war

1389
00:55:50,450 --> 00:55:48,780
environment over Ukraine to have a spy

1390
00:55:52,190 --> 00:55:50,460
satellite monitoring what happens on the

1391
00:55:54,470 --> 00:55:52,200
ground so they saw a spy satellite

1392
00:55:56,750 --> 00:55:54,480
that's the only case where they actually

1393
00:55:59,089 --> 00:55:56,760
had two sides looking at an object that

1394
00:56:00,950 --> 00:55:59,099
was actually luminous not dark and I say

1395
00:56:03,230 --> 00:56:00,960
how can you put it in a paper as an

1396
00:56:05,870 --> 00:56:03,240
unidentified object if that's exactly

1397
00:56:08,870 --> 00:56:05,880
the kind of elevation and the kind of

1398
00:56:11,030 --> 00:56:08,880
size of a spy satellite like that to me

1399
00:56:13,549 --> 00:56:11,040
Illustrated that they are not careful

1400
00:56:15,890 --> 00:56:13,559
no I I appreciate you you sort of coming

1401
00:56:17,809 --> 00:56:15,900
on and being able to sort of follow on

1402
00:56:19,910 --> 00:56:17,819
from that article and give your side of

1403
00:56:21,170 --> 00:56:19,920
it so yeah thank you for that

1404
00:56:23,390 --> 00:56:21,180
um just before we finish up I'm going to

1405
00:56:25,010 --> 00:56:23,400
go to this question from Jay Allen uh

1406
00:56:27,290 --> 00:56:25,020
has avi's team been given any specific

1407
00:56:29,690 --> 00:56:27,300
areas to focus on Via Lou Elizondo

1408
00:56:31,549 --> 00:56:29,700
meaning specific spectrums and Telemetry

1409
00:56:34,609 --> 00:56:31,559
to focus on measuring for data

1410
00:56:36,170 --> 00:56:34,619
acquisition yeah so of course Lou is

1411
00:56:39,349 --> 00:56:36,180
part of the team and the same is Chris

1412
00:56:40,670 --> 00:56:39,359
melon but they did not they cannot

1413
00:56:42,589 --> 00:56:40,680
disclose

1414
00:56:44,809 --> 00:56:42,599
um classified information they signed an

1415
00:56:47,150 --> 00:56:44,819
NDA when they worked in government so we

1416
00:56:49,609 --> 00:56:47,160
we're not asking them for anything so

1417
00:56:52,130 --> 00:56:49,619
they did not really guide us they they

1418
00:56:53,750 --> 00:56:52,140
just made General statements similar to

1419
00:56:55,849 --> 00:56:53,760
the public statements that everyone else

1420
00:56:58,430 --> 00:56:55,859
heard

1421
00:57:00,890 --> 00:56:58,440
um and you know of course in principle

1422
00:57:03,170 --> 00:57:00,900
they can just tell us don't do that like

1423
00:57:05,210 --> 00:57:03,180
if we are saying we will do this and

1424
00:57:07,490 --> 00:57:05,220
they say no it's a waste of your time so

1425
00:57:10,130 --> 00:57:07,500
far you know they haven't said it to us

1426
00:57:12,530 --> 00:57:10,140
and but otherwise they didn't give me

1427
00:57:14,809 --> 00:57:12,540
any special specific data or information

1428
00:57:17,089 --> 00:57:14,819
and frankly I don't want them to get

1429
00:57:19,549 --> 00:57:17,099
into trouble so I'm not as you know my

1430
00:57:23,170 --> 00:57:19,559
Approach is just like a kid I I want to

1431
00:57:27,650 --> 00:57:23,180
get the data you know fresh and without

1432
00:57:29,450 --> 00:57:27,660
any issues with authorities because why

1433
00:57:30,589 --> 00:57:29,460
should we get into trouble if we don't

1434
00:57:33,290 --> 00:57:30,599
need to

1435
00:57:34,609 --> 00:57:33,300
yeah I appreciate that well listen

1436
00:57:35,750 --> 00:57:34,619
Before We Say Goodbye Abby I'm just

1437
00:57:37,190 --> 00:57:35,760
going to give a quick shout out to Jimmy

1438
00:57:39,230 --> 00:57:37,200
thank you so much for the five dollar

1439
00:57:40,670 --> 00:57:39,240
donation as I mentioned earlier to

1440
00:57:43,490 --> 00:57:40,680
everyone watching and listening please

1441
00:57:45,530 --> 00:57:43,500
go and check out avi's essays the link

1442
00:57:47,690 --> 00:57:45,540
is below but also the Galileo website

1443
00:57:49,809 --> 00:57:47,700
and you can also donate to the Galileo

1444
00:57:51,950 --> 00:57:49,819
project as well if you feel so inclined

1445
00:57:53,329 --> 00:57:51,960
Avi thank you so much for joining me

1446
00:57:54,650 --> 00:57:53,339
again it's always an honor and a

1447
00:57:56,270 --> 00:57:54,660
pleasure to speak with you so thank you

1448
00:57:59,270 --> 00:57:56,280
thank you so much and we will do our

1449
00:58:02,329 --> 00:57:59,280
best to bring some news within a year so

1450
00:58:04,250 --> 00:58:02,339
we can chat about some substance in a

1451
00:58:06,049 --> 00:58:04,260
year I look forward to it and it will

1452
00:58:07,790 --> 00:58:06,059
have to get you back on to discuss that

1453
00:58:09,230 --> 00:58:07,800
as and when it happens to everyone in

1454
00:58:10,970 --> 00:58:09,240
the live chat thank you so much for all

1455
00:58:13,430 --> 00:58:10,980
your questions I hope you enjoyed this

1456
00:58:15,349 --> 00:58:13,440
past hour I certainly did I will be back

1457
00:58:17,390 --> 00:58:15,359
live in just under two hours with

1458
00:58:19,370 --> 00:58:17,400
Alejandro Rojas so come and join me for